Như đã nêu ở trên, quá trình này được kích hoạt bởi các tập tin đính kèm của các hạt các thụ thể trên màng plasma. Thực bào có liên quan với mức tiêu thụ năng lượng liên quan đến quá trình oxy hóa của glucose thông qua các hexosemonophosphate đường - sự bùng nổ về đường hô hấp | 2 Attachment to and Entry of Microorganisms into the Body 43 Urinogenital Tract Urine is normally sterile and since the urinary tract is flushed with urine every hour or two invading microorganisms have problems in gaining access and becoming established. The urethra in the male is sterile except for the terminal third of its length and microorganisms that progress above this point must first and foremost avoid being washed out during urination. That highly successful urethral parasite the gonococcus owes much of its success to its special ability to attach very firmly to the surface of urethral epithelial cells partly by means of fine hairs pili projecting from its surface Fig. . Similarly uropathogenic E. coli UPEC adhere to uroepithelial cells by means of a well-characterised pilus. The bladder is not easily infected in the male the urethra is 20 cm long and generally bacteria need to be introduced via an instrument such as a catheter to reach the bladder. The female urethra is much shorter only about 5 cm long and more readily traversed by microorganisms it also suffers from a dangerous proximity to the anus the source of intestinal bacteria. Urinary infections are about 14 times as common in women and most women have urinary tract infections at some time. Bacteruria t however often occurs without frequency dysuria or other symptoms. Even the urethral deformations taking place during sexual intercourse may introduce infection into the female bladder ị spread of infection to the kidney is promoted by the refluxing of urine from bladder to ureter that occurs in some young females. Urine as long as it is not too acid provides a fine growth medium for many bacteria and the entire urinary tract is more prone to infections when there is interference with the free flow and flushing action of urine or when a sump of urine remains in the bladder after urination. Urinary infections are thus associated with structural abnormalities of the bladder ureter etc. with .
