Tham khảo tài liệu 'handbook of materials for product design part 12', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Coatings and Finishes primers. Powder coating material and equipment suppliers worked feverishly to solve the problems associated with automotive topcoats. Other powder coating applications saw rapid growth. Radiation curable pigmented coatings for three-dimensional products were developed. In the 1990s the decade of compliance resin and coating suppliers developed compliance coatings electrocoating high-solids powder radiation curable and waterborne. Equipment suppliers developed devices to apply and cure these new coatings. These developments were in response to the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970. The amendments established a national permit program that made the law more enforceable ensuring better compliance and calling for nationwide regulation of VOC emissions from all organic finishing operations. The amendments also established Control Technique Guidelines to allow state and local governments to develop Attainment Rules. Electrocoating was the process of choice for priming many industrial and consumer products. Powder coatings were used in a host of applications where durability was essential. UV curable coatings were applied to three-dimensional objects. Equipment suppliers developed more efficient application equipment. In the 2000s the beginning of the green millennium coatings and equipment suppliers investments in research and development will pay dividends. Improvements in coating materials and application equipment have enabled end users to comply with air quality regulations. Primers are applied by electrocoating. One-coat finishes are replacing two coats in many cases. High-solids and waterborne liquid coatings are replacing conventional solvent-thinned coatings. Powder coatings usage has increased dramatically. Radiation-cured coatings are finding more applications. Coatings and solvent usage as well as application costs are being reduced. Air quality standards are being met. Coatings and equipment suppliers as well as end users
