Các dấu hiệu và triệu chứng (pit viper) Một hoặc nhiều vết thương đâm thủng (có thể trông giống như vết trầy xước nhưng thực sự vết thương đâm thủng) không cân xứng với kích thước của vết thương đỏ đau, sưng, Lymphangitis mụn nước, đấu thầu các hạch bạch huyết Effects địa phương | CHAPTER 18 Environmental Emergencies e51 Table 18-7 Signs and symptoms pit viper Why Local Effects One or more puncture wounds possibly looks like scratches but actually puncture wounds Fang marks abrasions from fangs scraping across skin Pain disproportionate to size of wounds Venom effects on pain receptors Redness swelling blisters Venom increases capillary permeability in the dermis Lymphangitis tender lymph nodes Venom is irritating to lymph vessels nodes become tender as the immune response is mobilized Systemic Effects Rubbery minty or metallic taste in the mouth Venom enters systemic circulation stimulates taste receptors Perioral paresthesias tingling numbness around mouth Venom effects on the vascular system Nausea vomiting Venom effects on the gastrointestinal system Altered mental status Venom effects on the neurological system Coagulation disorders bleeding gums blood in stool urine or vomitus Venom causes thrombocytopenia and impairs clotting mechanisms Hypotension shock Fluid leaks from intravascular space as membrane integrity is impaired Signs and symptoms coral snake Why Early signs Headaches Nausea vomiting Abdominal pain Venom begins to spread systemically Neurological changes Numbness Uncoordinated movement Weakness Difficulty swallowing and breathing Paralysis Drooping eyelid ptosis Double vision diplopia Sweating Neurotoxins and myotoxins invade the body Source Created by author from Reference 9. e52 MARLENE HURST t Hurst Reviews Pathophysiology Review Figure 18-4. Snakebite. Figure 18-4 shows what a bite may look like. Quickie tests and treatments A thorough history and physical will help determine the type of snake involved in the injury. Laboratory tests are used to determine the extent of toxic effects of venom on the body Clotting studies abnormal clotting mechanisms may be present with pit viper bites. Creatine kinase CK used to determine muscle damage may be elevated in presence of coral snake envenomation. First aid for snakebites .
