Tham khảo tài liệu 'electric vehicles the benefits and barriers part 10', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Communication with and for Electric Vehicles 169 street. Having a contract with every single provider is very uncomfortable. Hence mechanisms to enable AAAA for roaming are inevitable. In order to guarantee a userfriendly e-mobility roaming experience there are several challenges to cope with. Paying cash or via credit card is uncomfortable and requires more expensive infrastructure than identifying as a user through an adequate contract. Challenges of roaming On the base of the above understanding of e-mobility roaming and its business context a closer look is taken at the preconditions of roaming. Since roaming involves two or more parties the preconditions are closely related to questions of interoperability and the use of standards. Preconditions of roaming can be grouped into electrical and commercial issues each concerning aspects of the underlying medium or its use Fig. 11 . electrical commercial medium I III use of medium II IV y Fig. 11. Categories of requirements for roaming in e-mobility infrastructure For example a straight forward requirement for an electrical medium I is - assuming conductive charging - a standardized EV plug. Since the usage of adapters is very uncomfortable an EV plug should fit into the outlet of all EVSE. The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC therefore currently revises the international standard IEC 62196. Considering other ways of getting power into an EV such as induction or battery exchange different requirements must be fulfilled. For inductive charging a consistent form and position of the charger and the inductor is vital. For the battery exchange especially the size and interface of the batteries as well as the security concept must be compatible. Beyond pure physical characteristics of the underlying medium there is a need for its standardized use II . For example successful conductive charging requires voltage current frequency and charge mode to be correctly adjusted on both sides as well as to the cable
