Một mô hình trưởng thành là cần thiết để cung cấp trưởng thành có hệ thống hướng dẫn và đánh giá sự sẵn sàng cho sáng kiến tháo vát như vậy. Trong khi có rất nhiều mô hình trưởng thành BI trong văn học, nhưng hầu hết trong số họ không xem xét tất cả các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến trên BI. Một số mô hình trưởng thành BI tập trung vào các khía cạnh kỹ thuật và một số các mô hình tập trung vào các điểm kinh doanh của xem | Part 3 Nanomaterials 15 Synthesis Characterization Toxicity of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications A. K. Pradhan K. Zhang M. Bahoura J. Pradhan P. Ravichandran R. Gopikrishnan and G. T. Ramesh Norfolk State University United State of America 1. Introduction Nanomaterials are widely used for biomedical applications as their sizes are comparable with most of the biological entities. Many diagnostic and therapeutic techniques based on nanoscience and nanotechnologies are already in the clinical trial stages and encouraging results have been reported. The progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology has led to the formation and development of a new field nanomedicine which is generally defined as the biomedical applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomedicine stands at the boundaries between physical chemical biological and medical sciences and the advances in nanomedicine have made it possible to analyze and treat biological systems at the cell and sub-cell levels providing revolutionary approaches for the diagnosis prevention and treatment of some fatal diseases such as cancer. Nanomagnetism is at the forefront of nanoscience and nanotechnology and in the field of nanomedicine magnetic nanomaterials are among the most promising for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Similarly luminescent materials are equally important for tagging and imaging applications. The nanomaterials used for biomedical purposes generally include zero-dimensional nanoparticles one-dimensional nanowires and nanotubes and two-dimensional thin films. For example magnetic nanoparticles and nanotubes are widely used for labeling and manipulating biomolecules targeting drugs and genes magnetic resonance imaging MRI as well as hyperthermia treatment. Magnetic thin films are often used in the development of nanosensors and nanosystems for analyzing biomolecules and diagnosing diseases. As the synthesis and characterization of these nanostructures are completely .
