Considerable recent detail is provided on cytokines and signalling mechanisms which translate immune events into cellular pathology including prostaglandins (Andrey Sorokin), endoplasmic reticulum (Reiko Inagi), mTOR receptors (Lena Succar et al.), STAT3 signalling pathways (Fumio Tsuji et al.), TGF-ß (Hyun Soon Lee) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Maki Urushihara et al.). Animal models (Elena Goiman et al., Chia-Chao Wu et al., María Ángeles Jiménez et al.) and end results such as urinary biomarkers (Sophie Ohlsson) are updated as well
