The third result links this permanent component to monetary authorities behaviour. Recently, Grkaynak, Sack and Swanson (2003) show that the change in expectations of the long-run ináation rate by private agents depend on macroeconomic and monetary surprises. Moreover, the relationship between ináation, interest rates and monetary policy has been studied for a long time and, for example, since the seminal paper of Mankiw and Miron (1986), a signiÖcant number of papers have studied the relationship between monetary policy and the rational expectations theory
