In one sense, pharmacology can be considered a “good news, bad news” scenario. The good news is that exciting and innovative changes in drug therapy continue to occur at lightning speed. The bad news is that it is often difficult for health care practitioners to stay abreast of this rapidly changing field. Oftentimes, drug therapies that were considered state-of-the-art only a few years ago are now outdated and replaced by more contemporary treatments. Hence, the fourth edition of this text has been revised extensively to reflect the science and practice of pharmacology, with particular emphasis on how drug therapy impacts patients receiving physical rehabilitation. Efforts were made to use the peer-reviewed literature to obtain.