As more and more firms start to do business internationally, multinational rivalry1 has naturally emerged as a field of interest among researchers in different disciplines (Ghoshal, 1987). Consequently, a large body of work has explored topics such as market entry (Buckley & Casson, 1998; Davis, Desai, & Francis, 2000), foreign direct investment (FDI) (Graham, 1990; Knickerbocker, 1973) and technology diffusion (Gupta & Govindarajan, 2000; Kim & Kogut, 1996) of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Despite the important insights provided by prior studies, our understanding of the competitive action of MNEs remains very limited
