ORGANIZATIONL CHANGE THROUGH THE MANDATED IMOLEMENTATION OF NEW INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY : A MODIFIED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL A second shortcoming of the validity literature is more fundamental. In a world in which student background characteristics are known to be correlated with academic success (. with both SAT scores and collegiate grades), it is quite difficult to interpret validity estimates that fail to take account of these background characteristics. A study can identify a test as predictively valid without being informative about whether the test provides an independent measure of academic preparedness or simply proxies for the excluded background characteristics
