Coordinated expression and upregulation of interleukin-1a, interleukin-1b, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and epithelial cell derived neutrophil activator-78, with chemoattractant and proinflammatory properties of various cytokine families, were obtained in the intestinal epithelial cell line Int407 upon Vibrio choleraeinfection.