American universities, indeed, universities throughout the world, are facing increased demand to share the knowledge developed within their campuses. Historically, students pass knowledge to the greater society. But since at least the 1960s, the university’s research role has dramatically increased, with more and more resources devoted to basic and applied research in the physical and biological sciences, engineering, humanities, social sciences, and management fields. Not all of this research can be transmitted through the graduation of students. Research on basic scientific and life processes and engineering also eventually results in applications in new products and processes. Given the large investment in university research, society natu- rally seeks greater returns through.
