The ADP-ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs) are a family of toxins that cata-lyse the hydrolysis of NAD and the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety onto a target. This family includes many notorious killers, responsible for thousands of deaths annually including: cholera, enterotoxic Escheri-chia coli, whooping cough, diphtheria and a plethora of Clostridialbinary toxins.