The emphasis on sensuous elements and on Gestalten founded thereon makes it clear that Witasek's position is a formalist one. The `meanings' of works of art will have no role to play within his theory. He has not even left room in his classification of aesthetic objects for what we might call narrative entities: states of affairs, events, actions, etc., making up what we normally think of as plot. There are of course many works of art whose adequate appreciation requires that we go beyond the level of light, colour, shadow and sound, and.