The pulp and paper industry is also one of the three sectors (along with cement and steel) for which CEF made detailed parameter modifications to the NEMS model used to produce AEO 1999. Modifications included adjustments to baseline energy intensities and rates for annual improvements in energy intensity, which were adjusted to reflect best-available sector-specific research. It is important to note that the CEF analysis predates the energy price increases of 2004 and 2005 that have shifted the industry towards even greater use of biomass as an energy source (spent pulping liquor and wood waste), and toward lower energy.
