Nonideal Transistor Behavior – High Field Effects • Mobility Degradation • Velocity Saturation – Channel Length Modulation – Threshold Voltage Effects • Body Effect • Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering • Short Channel Effect – Leakage • Subthreshold Leakage • Gate Leakage • Junction Leakage Process and Environmental Variations .Ideal Transistor I-V Shockley long-channel transistor models