The topics discussed in chapter 12 are discrimination and male-female earning differentials. The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Wages differences between men and women, methods of measuring discrimination, discrimination against women, effective policies. | Chapter Twelve Discrimination and Male-Female Earning Differentials Created by: Erica Morrill, Fanshawe College © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Chapter Focus Wages differences between men and women Methods of measuring discrimination Discrimination against women Effective policies Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Reasons and Sources of Discrimination Preference Erroneous information Statistical judgement The effectiveness of policies depends on the reasons for the discrimination Employers Co-workers Unions with male majority Customers Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Demand Theories of Discrimination Demand for female labour is lower Reducing the employment of females Demand depends on the information concerning productivity Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Supply Theories of Discrimination Supply is increased Asking wage of females is reduced Crowding Hypothesis females are segregated into female type jobs Abundance of supply lowers . | Chapter Twelve Discrimination and Male-Female Earning Differentials Created by: Erica Morrill, Fanshawe College © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Chapter Focus Wages differences between men and women Methods of measuring discrimination Discrimination against women Effective policies Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Reasons and Sources of Discrimination Preference Erroneous information Statistical judgement The effectiveness of policies depends on the reasons for the discrimination Employers Co-workers Unions with male majority Customers Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Demand Theories of Discrimination Demand for female labour is lower Reducing the employment of females Demand depends on the information concerning productivity Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Supply Theories of Discrimination Supply is increased Asking wage of females is reduced Crowding Hypothesis females are segregated into female type jobs Abundance of supply lowers their marginal productivity and hence the wage Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Supply Theories of Discrimination Dual labour market theory Primary labour market-(unionized, monopolistic, expanding) Secondary labour market (nonunionized, highly competitive, declining) Men tend to be employed in primary Women in the secondary Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Reasons Females are Crowded into the Secondary Market Prejudice and exclusion Immobility Poor working conditions absenteeism and wages Female attitudes on labour market worth Female preferences - willing or imposed Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Noncompetitive Theories of Discrimination Wage differentials are inconsistent with market theory Persistence due to costs of adjustment imperfect information queuing theories Chapter 12- © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. Noncompetitive Theories Government Trade unions Employers Monopsony Systemic Discrimination Chapter 12- © 2002 .
