Constituent Structure - Part 24 | 20 PRELIMINARIES b Bruce loves eating at really fancy restaurants and Dory loves to too fancy restaurants. In the second part of 30a too stands in for eating at really fancy restaurants but it can not stand for eating at really as shown by the unacceptability of 30b . We get similar results with pronouns. The pronoun he can stand for the compulsive shark in 30a but not compulsive shark 30b or the compulsive shark ate in 30c 31 a The compulsive shark ate the angelfish but he did not eat the tuna. b The compulsive shark ate the angelfish but the he did not eat the tuna. c The compulsive shark ate the angelfish but he the tuna. The proadjective so can replace certain kinds of adjective constitu-ents 15 32 Nemo is quite thoroughly independent minded but Dory is less so . Contrast this with a situation where so replaces a non-constituent 33 Nemo is quite thoroughly independent minded but Dory is less so minded. Finally the propreposition there can stand for a whole prepositional phrase constituent16 34a but not a non-constituent 34b . 34 a Dory dropped the goggles in the sub but Nemo couldn t find them there . b Dory dropped the goggles in the sub but Nemo couldn t find them there sub. A different class of constituency tests looks at the displacement17 of strings of words. There are many different types of syntactic displacement including clefting pseudoclefting topicalization fronting pas-sivization raising scrambling wh-movement and right-node raising. I give a single example here using a passive for other examples one can consult any good introductory syntax textbook such as Carnie 2006c or Radford 1988 . The active sentence in 35a contains the two strings 15 So can only replace smaller-than-phrase adjective constituents that are used after a copular verb such as is or seem. 16 There can also function as a pronoun. 17 Also called the movement test or the permutability test. CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE 21 35b and 35c . However only 35b can be put in the subject position of
