This article covers post-prototype fuel cell (FC) systems in stationary or ‘on-site’ applications, for use in non-grid-connected dispersed generation, or grid-connected distributed generation. Both are referred to here as DG. They include a range of sizes from kilowatt to megawatt scale, and may be in combined heat and power (CHP, cogeneration or dual energy use systems), or as electricity-only units. Trigeneration (combined heat, power, and cooling) is a further possibility. The article starts with a general discussion of on-site power systems, and introduces the different types of FC devices for these applications. This is followed by general sections on. | Fuel Cells AJ Appleby Texas A M University College Station TX USA 2009 Elsevier . All rights reserved. Introduction This article covers post-prototype fuel cell FC systems in stationary or on-site applications for use in non-grid-con-nected dispersed generation or grid-connected distributed generation. Both are referred to here as DG. They include a range of sizes from kilowatt to megawatt scale and may be in combined heat and power CHP cogeneration or dual energy use systems or as electricity-only units. Trigeneration combined heat power and cooling is a further possibility. The article starts with a general discussion of on-site power systems and introduces the different types of FC devices for these applications. This is followed by general sections on on-site power systems and their characteristics and on fuels for DG applications. Sections follow on the subsystems aspects of FC systems and on their scaling characteristics. Detailed sections on each FC technology named for the electrolyte used in the electrochemical fuel gas-to-direct current DC power converter the FC stack are then given. The FC systems considered are the phosphoric acid fuel cell PAFC the molten carbonate fuel cell MCFC the solid oxide fuel cell SOFC the proton-exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell PEMFC and the alkaline fuel cell AFC . Except for the PAFC each technology is reviewed up to that of prototype stationary systems in Fuel Cells - Overview Introduction. The PAFC up to this stage is discussed in Fuel Cells - Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Overview. In the case of the PAFC the most important developer has been International Fuel Cells IFCs a partnership of United Technologies Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division South Windsor CT and Toshiba Corporation Kawasaki Japan which is now UTC Power Corporation. Other important work has taken place at Westinghouse Pittsburgh PA USA and successor companies. Work in Japan took place at the Fuji Electric Company and Mitsubishi
