Tham khảo tài liệu 'an encyclopaedia of language_10', ngoại ngữ, nhật - pháp - hoa- others phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 502 LANGUAGE AS GEOGRAPHY Figure 52 Vowel isoglosses in English after LAE and AES Lengthening of Middle English a north of no lengthening betweenand--------- lengthening in some words south of-------- lengthening regular Split of Middle English u north of------ no split south of---------- split has occurred maxan do cf. German machen found as far north as the area round Berlin and tsvai two cf. German zwei with the dental affricate in a large area east of Hanover. Similar phonological variation is naturally also found in the dialects and accents of English. The Linguistic Atlas of England LAE and the Atlas of English Sounds AES based on the Survey of English Dialects SED show the distribution of a number of familiar geographical variants in the English dialects cf. Figure 52 . Thus in the traditional dialects and also the accents south of a line running approximately from the Severn to the Wash the vowels of but and butcher are distinct as in the RP pronunciations bAt and butja as the result of a phonemic split in the original Middle English short u which took place in the Early Modern English period. By this change the vowel was unrounded and centralised in many words but retained unchanged in others. It was however not adopted in most dialects and accents of central and northern England where one typically finds the same phoneme characteristically u in all these words . but and butja . Similarly restricted to the dialects and accents of southern and eastern England is the lengthening of original short s before fricatives and nasal clusters in some words . in grass laugh and grant. South of the isogloss shown on Figure 52 these and similar words are pronounced with a long vowel which in RP which has adopted these forms is typically a low back a . gra s la f gra nt phonemically distinct from the short s of . gss gas or Zkxni cant. This development did not occur in the dialects and accents of the north and midlands which have retained the original
