Ngoài ra, hơn cựu nhà khoa học vũ khí của Liên Xô và các kỹ sư đã từng tham gia vào nghiên cứu vũ khí hạt nhân là ngay bây giờ hoặc sớm sẽ được sử dụng vào hòa bình, các dự án nghiên cứu dân sự. | Homeland Security 279 throughout the former Soviet Union. In addition over 5 000 former Soviet weapon scientists and engineers once engaged in nuclear weapons research are now or soon will be employed on peaceful civilian research projects. 107 However proponents argue that the program has suffered from chronic lack of funding and a foundering Russian commitment. Critics declaim a lack of accountability over money spent in the former Soviet Union and suggest that the program creates its own market incentives encouraging the sale of nuclear material. Legislative debates about whether to make the Nunn-Lugar authorities global in reach linger. On the bilateral and multilateral plane the principal post-9 11 nonproliferation effort is the Proliferation Security Initiative PSI .108 This initiative is intended to harness existing international domestic and foreign law to create nonbinding policy mechanisms and corresponding expectations to seize and control WMD materials on the high seas on land and transported through the air. As of 2006 the PSI included seventy countries within its umbrella. Fifteen of these countries are core members with the others apparently agreeing to cooperate on an ad hoc basis. Members of the PSI in theory agree to principles of interdiction and agree to adopt pre-set coordinating mechanisms for facilitating interdiction. The PSI has served as a mechanism for the negotiation and conclusion of bilateral ship boarding agreements including agreements with Panama and Liberia. Although legally nonbinding the PSI creates the political expectation and therefore corollary political costs that states will consent to the search and seizure of their flagged vessels suspected of transporting illicit WMD shipments. Further as PD-27 offers a . domestic process for maritime interdiction the PSI serves as a mechanism for coordinating intelligence and maritime interdiction on a global scale. Whether addressed to centrifuges or enriched uranium the importance
