ở bước tiếp theo là (1 - PII). Do tài sản memoryless của chuỗi Markov, chúng ta có thể viết như sau: P {hệ thống vẫn còn ở trạng thái sau khi các bước liên tiếp m} = (1 - PII) piim (4,27) Đối với chuỗi Markov thời gian liên tục, chúng tôi có phân phối theo hàm mũ của thời gian ở trạng thái duy nhất (rời rạc nhà nước Markov thời gian liên tục quá trình, | Characterization and Classification of IP Traffic 137 applications running on users terminals personal computers and mobile terminals that demand services. Information streams in digital systems consist of a series of bits zeros and ones. Network nodes and terminals segment the information stream into packets. Then we add headers and tails to the packets information data to include addressing and control information on the way from application down to the physical medium. In the opposite way we extract headers and tails to provide the information to the target application. Various applications use various transport protocols depending upon their traffic demands . TCP and UDP . These protocols use sockets to communicate with the application layer. Between transport protocols and link layer protocols on the Internet . SONET and ATM we have the IP protocol. Therefore we reference the aggregate traffic on the Internet as IP traffic or Internet traffic. In 3 the authors reported measurements from trunks in a commercial Internet backbone over two ranges 24-hour and 7-day. They captured aggregate Internet traffic as well as traffic per protocol. It shows that Web traffic dominates as the single largest Internet application with TCP accounting for the most of the traffic 95 or more of the bytes 85 to 95 of the packets and 75 to 85 of the flows. Most of the TCP traffic is actually Web traffic which dominates as the single largest Internet application with client-server accounting for more than half of the bytes 65 80 packets 55 75 and flows 65 75 seen on the measured links. Before the invention of the Web most of the TCP traffic was due to file transfer FTP electronic mail and some interactive applications 4 . After the introduction of the WWW which is based on Hypertext Transport Protocol HTTP on the application layer and TCP on the transport layer Web traffic became dominant in the aggregate Internet traffic composition 5 . So far all analyses of Internet traffic .
