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Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment - Chapter 10

10 nước tác động 10,1 GIỚI THIỆU Chúng tôi đã thảo luận trong một số chi tiết một loạt các loại tác động, làm giảm quá trình hợp lý tương đối đơn giản với một tiềm năng cho tự động hóa như các hệ thống chuyên gia. Mặc dù không phải tất cả các lĩnh vực tiêu chuẩn đánh giá tác động đã được bao phủ, đã có nhiều đủ để minh họa trong những vấn đề và các vấn đề có liên quan đến khi "dịch" hành vi của bản án, chuyên gia và vào một quá trình hợp lý. | 10 Water impacts 10.1 INTRODUCTION We have discussed in some detail a wide range of types of impacts reducing them to relatively simple logical processes with a potential for automation as expert systems. Although not all the standard areas of impact assessment have been covered there has been enough variety to illustrate most of the problems and issues involved when translating expert behaviour and judgement into a simple logical process that a non-expert can follow. This can be illustrated by discussing one last area of impact that encompasses most of the issues raised in other areas water which really consists of a succession of several impact assessments. Water impact assessment is probably the most difficult because of the extreme variety of impacts that can affect water and because of the extreme variety of standards and legislation covering them see Bourdillon 1995 for an early list . It can be said that Environmental Impact Assessment is a by-product of the relative cultural sophistication normally associated in a society with a certain degree of development but concerns with the quality and quantity of water have been central to all societies throughout history and this makes it probably the most extensively documented - and regulated - area of impact assessment. Also in terms of the line of argument we are following here water impact assessment involves really a chain of several areas of impact each of which can be looked at as we have been doing in previous chapters. These areas can be seen as modules which form part of water impact assessment linking the original source of impacts - the project - to the ultimate impacts on humans or on the natural environment Figure 10.1 . The project can produce certain effects directly on a water system discharges to it abstractions from it and it can also have certain effects on the groundwater. The behaviour of the groundwater will determine possible indirect effects on water systems as well as other effects on the