The industry approach to environmental issues has moved from ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions, towards a pollu- tion prevention strategy. This strategy requires an integrated, holistic view of activities. Tools have been developed to assist management, including cleaner production, life cycle assessment and industrial ecolo- gy. Each of these looks at the life cycle of the product or service, to identify where the major environmental issues or problems may arise and where the most cost- effective solutions can be developed. Planning for the life of the mine, including closure and site rehabilita- tion, permits a more efficient and environmentally effective outcome. It identifies and creates opportuni- ties for improving the economic and environmental performance of the operation
