Cancer is the second leading cause of death among women. Ideally, it is desirable to prevent or at least to detect cancer in the precancerous stage. Early detection is possible by using Papanicolaou’s (Pap) test for cervical cancer, biopsies for endometrial cancer, and mammography for breast cancer. History plays a more major role in the detection of colorectal cancer, because having first-degree relatives with colon cancer; a history of colorectal, breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancer; and a history of adenomatous polyps or ulcerative colitis are identified risk factors
