Đầu tư trực tiếp Penrose đã không khám phá một cách chi tiết những tác động đóng góp của mình cho các TGF) cái nhìn sâu sắc cơ bản trong TGF là thế hệ mà kiến thức trong nội bộ công ty (thông qua học tập) tạo ra nguồn lực dư thừa. | 10 A Knowledge Learning-ased Perspective on Foreign Direct Investment 227 Moreover Penrose did not explore in any detail the implications of her TGF contribution for the The fundamental insight in TGF was that intra-firm knowledge generation through learning generates excess resources. These motivate managers to expand as excess resources can be put to profitable use at near zero marginal cost. This endogenous knowledge growth dynamic is realized through managerial productive opportunity - the perceived dynamic interaction between internal resources and external market opportunity Penrose 1959 Chapter V . Despite limitations 11 we claim here that Penrose s insight has implications for the OLI our three related questions and the need for a more endogenous dynamic and strategic theory of FDI and the MNE Dunning 2001 . In addition Penrose s knowledge learning perspective adds cognitive and entrepreneurial elements that are currently missing from the OLI of interest to theory managerial practice and public policy. We explain these below in the context of Dunning s triad. O wnership In TGF O advantages are not monopolistic at least as far as their process of derivation goes. They are efficiency advantages by definition as they are the result of an endogenous knowledge innovation process. O advantages only become monopolistic when firms attempt to capture value by for example bases raising barriers to entry using restrictive practices etc. All these are discussed in Penrose 1959 mainly Chapter VII . In addition in Penrose there are also explicit references to both efficiency and monopolistic advantages. For example Penrose 1959 observes that A firm may attempt to entrench itself by destroying or preventing effective competition by means of predatory competitive practices or restrictive monopolistic devises that relieve it of the necessity of either meeting or anticipating serious competitive threats to its position. In such circumstances a firm may grow .
