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CRC handbook of laboratory Safety - Chapter 5

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NONCHEMICAL phòng thí nghiệm I. GIỚI THIỆU Sự nhấn mạnh trong chương trước đã được các phòng thí nghiệm mà trong đó các mối quan tâm chính là do sử dụng hoá chất, mặc dù trong để không hoàn toàn tránh một chủ đề một cách không cần thiết, một số trong những vấn đề phát sinh trong các loại hoạt động đã được giải quyết. Ví dụ, trong phần sau của chương cuối cùng một số vấn đề nghiêm trọng liên quan đến vấn đề với các bệnh cụ thể truyền nhiễm đã được thảo luận do tầm quan trọng. | Furr A. Keith Ph.D. NONCHEMICAL LABORATORIES CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety Edited by A. Keith Furr Ph.D. Boca Raton CRC Press LLC 2000 Chapter 5 NONCHEMICAL LABORATORIES I. INTRODUCTION The emphasis in the previous chapters has been on laboratories in which the primary concerns were due to the use of chemicals although in order to not completely avoid a topic unnecessarily some of the problems arising in other types of operations have been addressed. For example in the latter part of the last chapter some serious issues involving problems with specific contagious diseases were discussed due to the increasing importance these diseases have in our society and in our laboratories as a continuation of the topic of health effects. The problems of dealing with infectious waste were considered at some length as well as chemical wastes as part of the larger problem of dealing with hazardous wastes. In this chapter laboratory operations which involve special problems in other classes of laboratories will be presented in greater detail. However in responding to these special problems one should be careful not to neglect the safety measures associated with those hazards already covered. II. RADIOISOTOPE LABORATORIES Exposure of individuals to ionizing radiation is a major concern in laboratories using radiation as a research tool or in which radiation is a byproduct of the research. Although there are many types of research facilities in which ionizing radiation is generated by the equipment e.g. accelerator laboratories X-ray facilities and laboratories using electron microscopes the most common research application in which ionizing radiation is a matter of concern is the use of unstable forms of the common elements which emit radiation. A very brief discussion of some atomic and nuclear terms will be given next with apologies for those not requiring this introduction to the subject. A. Brief Summary of Atomic and Nuclear Concepts An atom of an element can be simply .