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Handbook Of Pollution Control And Waste Minimization - Chapter 10

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Như đã đề cập trong suốt văn bản này, giảm thiểu chất thải bao gồm tái chế / tái sử dụng, giảm thiểu lãng phí (vật liệu thay thế, thay đổi quy trình, tốt vệ sinh, vv), và xử lý chất thải tại chỗ (1,2). Công nghệ sinh học có tác động trực tiếp , và áp dụng, một kỹ sư khả năng để đạt được mục tiêu giảm thiểu chất thải. Nó đã có chứng minh thành công với các chương trình tái chế thông qua các thế hệ khí sinh học như là một nhiên liệu thay thế. Phương pháp xử lý sinh. | 10 Biotechnology Principles Teresa J. Cutright The University of Akron Akron Ohio 1 INTRODUCTION As mentioned throughout this text waste minimization encompasses recycling reuse waste reduction material substitution process changes good housekeeping etc. and waste treatment on-site 1 2 . Biotechnology has a direct impact on and applicability to an engineer s ability to achieve waste minimization goals. It has had demonstrated success with recycling programs via the generation of biogas as an alternative fuel. Bioremediation approaches have also been used for point source reduction via biopolishing 3 and individual stream treatment 4 by-product utilization 5 material substitution 6 facilitation of new enzy-matic metabolic pathways to produce cleaner organic substances 7 and end-of-pipe treatments 8-10 . This chapter will highlight a few of the biotechnology approaches to waste minimization. When utilizing any biotechnology it is important to remember that the primary function of a microorganism is not to destroy man s unwanted contaminants. Instead a microbe must reproduce itself and maintain its cellular functions. To that end as shown in Figure 1 every microorganism must a protect itself from the environment b secure nutrients catabolism c produce energy in a usable form catabolism d convert nutrients food into cellular material anabolism e discard unnecessary waste products and f replication genetic infor- Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1 Overview of general cellular functions applicable to all living cells. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker Inc. All Rights Reserved. mation. It is an added benefit to mankind that the result from the microbial metabolism of substrates i.e. step d that the unwanted contaminants are degraded. Once it was realized that microorganisms could degrade unwanted contaminants engineers started to manipulate the surrounding environment to ensure that the microbes would thrive and utilize the contaminant as the