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Waist circumference, abdominal obesity, and depression among overweight and obese U.S. adults: national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2006"

the human body needs nutrients to 3 as calcium, iron and zinc in the juvenile stage. In addition to providing nutrients, the split meals a day, eat slowly and chew very positive effects help this little group of obesity and diseases related to metabolism. | Zhao et al. BMC Psychiatry 2011 11 130 http www.biomedcentral.com 1471-244X 11 130 BMC Psychiatry RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Waist circumference abdominal obesity and depression among overweight and obese U.S. adults national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2006 z 7i1 1 2 1 2 2 Guixiang Zhao Earl S Ford Chaoyang Li James Tsai Satvinder Dhingra and Lina S Balluz Abstract Background Obesity is associated with an increased risk of mental illness however evidence linking body mass index BMI -a measure of overall obesity to mental illness is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the association of depressive symptoms with waist circumference or abdominal obesity among overweight and obese U.S. adults. Methods A cross-sectional nationally representative sample from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. We analyzed the data from 2 439 U.S. adults 1 325 men and 1 114 nonpregnant women aged 20 years who were either overweight or obese with BMI of 25.0 kg m2. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference of 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women. Depressive symptoms defined as having major depressive symptoms or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 diagnostic algorithm. The prevalence and the odds ratios ORs with 95 confidence intervals CIs for having major depressive symptoms and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms were estimated using logistic regression analysis. Results After multivariate adjustment for demographics and lifestyle factors waist circumference was significantly associated with both major depressive symptoms OR 1.03 95 CI 1.01-1.05 and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms OR 1.02 95 CI 1.01-1.04 and adults with abdominal obesity were significantly more likely to have major depressive symptoms OR 2.18 95 CI 1.35-3.59 or have moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms OR 2.56 95 CI 1.34-4.90 than those without. These relationships .