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Tài liệu ôn thi du học_4

Tham khảo tài liệu 'tài liệu ôn thi du học_4', ngoại ngữ, toefl - ielts - toeic phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | For more material and information please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Chapter 3 Productivity 71 With regard to all four measures we can see enormous differences between suffixes. Looking at the column for N we can state that some affixes have high token figures see -able -ness and -ize which means that at least some of the words with these suffixes are used very often. Other kinds of derivatives are not used very often and have rather low token frequencies in particular -wise and -ful measure . Let us discuss the significance of the figures in table 6 in an exemplary fashion using the two -ful suffixes which obviously - and perhaps surprisingly - differ from each other significantly. What is called measure -ful here is a nominal suffix used to form so-called measure partitive nouns such as cupful handful spoonful while what I call here property -ful is an adjectival suffix used to form qualitative adjectives like careful forgetful etc. The two homophonous suffixes have a similar extent of use V 136 vs 154 different types but differ greatly in the other columns of the table. Thus words with measure -ful are not used very often in comparison to words with property -ful N 2615 vs N 77316 . Many of the adjectival derivatives are highly frequent as is evidenced by the frequency spectrum of these words illustrated in 7 . I list the frequencies for the six most frequent items 7 frequencies of the most frequent adjectival -ful derivatives BNC written corpus derivative frequency successful 10366 useful 9479 beautiful 7964 powerful 7064 careful 4546 wonderful 4202 These items alone account for more than half of the tokens of adjectival -ful and each individual item is much more frequent than all nominal i.e. measure -ful derivatives together. Comparing the number of hapaxes and the P values we find a high figure for nominal -ful which is a sure sign of its productivity. For illustration of the potential of For more material and information please visit Tai .