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BIOGEOCHEMICAL, HEALTH, AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GOLD AND GOLD MINING - CHAPTER 10

Chất thải mỏ vàng: Lịch sử, hệ thống thoát nước mỏ Acid, và xử lý chất thải Trong số các ngành công nghiệp khai thác mỏ kim loại lớn, khai thác vàng là chất thải tập trung (Da Rosa và Lyon năm 1997). Tinh luyện vàng bao gồm nhưng 0,00015% của tất cả các nguyên liệu được sử dụng trong quá trình khai thác mỏ vàng. Đó là ước tính rằng phải mất 2,8 tấn quặng vàng để sản xuất vàng trong một ban nhạc đám cưới, phần còn lại là chất thải (Da Rosa và Lyon năm 1997). Sau khi. | PART 3 Effects of Gold Extraction on Ecosystems CHAPTER 10 Gold Mine Wastes History Acid Mine Drainage and Tailings Disposal Of the major metal mining industries gold mining is the most waste intensive Da Rosa and Lyon 1997 . Refined gold consists of but 0.00015 of all raw materials used in the gold-mining process. It is estimated that it takes 2.8 tons of gold ore to produce the gold in a single wedding band the rest being waste Da Rosa and Lyon 1997 . After waste rock is removed and the ore extracted the ore is processed to separate the gold from the valueless portion of remaining rock which is known as tailings. Mine tailings and waste rock contain heavy metals and acid-forming minerals. Tailings can also contain chemicals used in ore processing. Amounts of toxicants in tailings including arsenic lead cyanide and sulfuric acid are deleterious to fish and other wildlife. Tailings are usually stored in piles on land or in containment ponds but sometimes are pumped back into the underground space from which the ore was mined. Dumping of mine tailings directly into rivers or other water bodies is no longer allowed in the United States but occurs with some frequency elsewhere especially in developing countries Da Rosa and Lyon 1997 . This chapter presents an overview of gold mining and gold mining wastes with emphasis on acid mine drainage effects and mitigation and tailings disposal into various ecosystems. Later chapters deal with gold mining wastes of arsenic Chapter 11 cyanide Chapter 12 and mercury Chapter 13 . 10.1 OVERVIEW The mining process consists of exploration mine development mining or extraction mineral processing or beneficiation and reclamation for closure USNAS 1999 . Modern exploration involves various types of sophisticated geochemical sampling geophysical techniques satellite remote sensing and other methodologies for identifying deeply buried mineral deposits. After mining rights are acquired exploration continues with testing usually drilling .