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BIOGEOCHEMICAL, HEALTH, AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GOLD AND GOLD MINING - CHAPTER 14

Gold Mines bị bỏ rơi ngầm Vàng đã được khai thác kể từ thời cổ đại ở rất nhiều địa điểm trên toàn thế giới (Kirkemo et al. 2001). Nam Phi Cộng hòa là những chính nhà sản xuất toàn cầu thương mại của vàng; sản xuất thứ cấp bao gồm Hoa Kỳ, Liên Xô cũ, Canada, Úc, Cộng hòa nhân dân Trung Quốc, Brazil, Philippines, Cộng hòa Dominica, Papua New Guinea, Ghana , Tanzania, và Ecuador (Elevatorski 1981, Gasparrini 1993; Greer 1993). Mỏ vàng dưới lòng đất thường bị bỏ rơi hoặc đóng cửa do sản lượng kém hoặc các. | CHAPTER 14 Abandoned Underground Gold Mines Gold has been mined since antiquity at numerous locations throughout the world Kirkemo et al. 2001 . The Republic of South Africa is the major commercial global producer of gold secondary producers include the United States the former Soviet Union Canada Australia the People s Republic of China Brazil the Philippines the Dominican Republic Papua New Guinea Ghana Tanzania and Ecuador Elevatorski 1981 Gasparrini 1993 Greer 1993 . Underground gold mines are usually abandoned or closed owing to poor yields or adverse economic conditions. At present the most environmentally responsible gold mining companies spend millions of dollars restoring the sites of closed mines and developing technologies to minimize the impact of active mines although many attempts are ineffective Fields 2001 . Data are currently scarce or incomplete on the influence of inactive underground gold mines on the surrounding biosphere. This chapter briefly synthesizes available information on abandoned underground gold mines as habitats for animals and plants as deterrents to land development as sources of drainage water toxic to natural resources and as science sites. These findings may have application to other inactive or abandoned underground mines. 14.1 HABITAT FOR BIOTA Abandoned underground gold mines constitute unique habitats for recently identified species of microorganisms. In South Korea for example three new species of fungi were isolated from the soils of gold mines Catellatospora koreensis Lee et al. 2000a Saccharothrix violacea and S. albidocapillata Lee et al. 2000b . Because gold mine ores usually contain high concentrations of arsenic Kirkemo et al. 2001 many species of arsenic-resistant bacteria are found there. In one case a new species of unique anaerobic bacterium Chrysiogenes arsenatis was isolated from wastewater of an Australian gold mine. This organism grew with As 3 as the electron donor and CO2 or HCO3 as the carbon source .