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Ecological Risk Assessment - Part 2

Kế hoạch và Xây dựng Vấn đề Trước khi mọi thứ khác, sẵn sàng là bí quyết để thành công. Henry Ford Trước khi rủi ro được phân tích, nó là cần thiết để đặt nền móng bằng cách xác định các vấn đề và phương tiện để giải quyết nó. Quá trình này được thúc đẩy bởi nhu cầu của người quản lý, những người sẽ sử dụng kết quả đánh giá để đưa ra quyết định, nhưng nó bị hạn chế bởi những hạn chế của thời gian, nguồn lực, và khả năng kỹ thuật. Khuôn khổ của EPA. | Part II Planning and Problem Formulation Before everything else getting ready is the secret to success. Henry Ford Before risks are analyzed it is necessary to lay the groundwork by defining the problem and the means to solve it. This process is driven by the needs of the manager who will use the results of the assessment to make a decision but it is constrained by the limitations of time resources and technical capabilities. The EPA s framework for ecological risk assessment Section 3.1 distinguishes between planning which involves the risk manager and potentially the stakeholders and problem formulation which is performed by the assessors alone. The intent was to comply with the National Research Council s 1983 mandate to keep policy and science distinct. However the distinction seldom holds up in practice because the formulation of the problem also involves the interpretation of policy. The best example is the EPA s Data Quality Objectives DQO process that requires the risk manager to participate in the development of the analysis plan the last step in problem formulation Quality Assurance Management Staff 1994 . Further the distinction is not generally recognized outside the United States. Finally this distinction is unlikely to convince skeptics that risk assessment is not biased by the policies of its sponsor. External peer review is a better guard against bias in the technical aspects of an assessment. Therefore the planning of an assessment and formulation of the problem are presented here as an integrated process. The distinction between routine assessments and novel assessments has more practical importance. Assessments of new chemicals and similar cases may follow standard policies and procedures. In such cases goals endpoints and management options are set for all assessments and little planning or problem formulation is required. The assessors need not consult with the risk manager for each assessment and after assembling the data may proceed to the .