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Environmental Risk Assessment Reports - Chapter 13

Dịch từ: Tiếng Anh Đối với mục đích chương này, bao gồm thời kỳ lấy mẫu môi trường để lấy mẫu lấy mẫu và sinh thái. Chương 12 mô tả thiết kế lấy mẫu môi trường, hoặc các bộ sưu tập các mẫu phân tích hóa học chủ yếu. Có nhiều mặt hàng Bàn luận áp dụng cho các mẫu sinh thái, trong cuộc thảo luận thống kê cụ thể. Trong khi môi trường lấy mẫu đề với lo ngại Chẳng hạn như nồng độ hóa chất trong đất, động vật, hoặc thực vật, lấy mẫu IS sinh thái liên quan với sự thay đổi trong thành. | CHAPTER 13 Sampling for Ecological Risk Assessments Jan W. Briede and Clifford S. Duke CONTENTS I. Introduction.319 A. Sampling Design.320 B. Vegetation Sampling.321 C. Animal Sampling . 321 D. Fish Sampling . 322 E. Insect Sampling . 322 F. Bird Sampling. 322 G. Habitat Surveys. 322 H. Diet Determination . 323 II. Conclusion . 323 I. INTRODUCTION For purposes of this chapter sampling for ERAs encompasses environmental sampling and ecological sampling. Chapter 12 describes environmental sampling design or the collection of samples mainly for chemical analysis. Many items discussed there apply to ecological samples in particular the discussion of statistics. While environmental sampling deals with concerns such as chemical concentrations in soils animals or plants ecological sampling is concerned with shifts in species composition or alleged disappearance of species caused by chemical or physical impacts. This chapter focuses on indirect effects. For example in a recent ERA of potential effects of pesticides on bats the authors concluded that bats may be affected directly or indirectly. Direct effects result from ingestion absorption or inhalation of pesticides while indirect effects could be caused by disappearance of insects a major 319 2001 by CRC Press LLC 320 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT REPORTS food source for these bats. Sampling schemes to determine direct effects differ from those aimed at indirect effects. Direct effects can be studied by capturing bats for chemical analysis. Indirect effects on the other hand require a detailed analysis of the number of insects in the area analysis of bat diets through the collection of guano and a comparison with background information. Sampling design is a crucial item and may often be regulated in particular when sampling for federally and state threatened and endangered T E species. In that case regulatory agencies often specify particular methods and periods during which sampling may take place.