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Environmental Risk Assessment Reports - Chapter 16

Mô hình bề mặt nước phục vụ như là một phần của quá trình đánh giá rủi ro năm Khi con đường gây ô nhiễm hoặc tiếp xúc với phương tiện truyền thông bao gồm các suối, sông, cửa sông, vùng ven biển, hoặc đại dương. Luận án mô hình vật lý và hóa học định lượng Đặc điểm của môi trường ngăn Qua Trong đó có chất gây ô nhiễm di chuyển. Theys aussi không gian và thời định lượng mức độ nồng độ chất gây ô nhiễm các bề mặt trong môi trường nước. Luận án mô hình là các công cụ phân. | CHAPTER 16 Surface Water Modeling Bruce T. Rodgers CONTENTS I. Introduction.351 II. Model Objective .352 III. Model Classification.352 A. Degree of Detail.353 B. Principal Model Components.353 IV. Model Selection. .355 A. Budget. 355 B. Function . 355 C. Options. 355 D. Resources . 355 V. Sources of Models. 355 VI. Conclusion.356 References.356 I. INTRODUCTION Surface water models serve as an integral part of the risk assessment process when the contaminant pathway or exposure media includes streams rivers estuaries coastal regions or open ocean. These models quantify the physical and chemical characteristics of the environmental compartments through which a contaminant moves. They also quantify the spatial and temporal extent of contaminant concentrations in surface water environments. These models are analytical tools used to support ERA planing and subsequent assessment of remedial options or pollution prevention strategies. 351 2001 by CRC Press LLC 352 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT REPORTS Surface water models are used when the required information cannot be measured directly. As an example consider the case of a river containing contaminated sediment. Field measurement alone can identify the quality of the sediment and size of the contaminated area. However a surface water model together with field measurement is necessary to determine the cause of contamination and the effectiveness of remediation. In general surface water models are comprised of a series of mathematical equations representing various processes occurring in an aquatic environment. Each equation or group of equations mathematically reproduces the abiotic or biotic interactions of a chemical with its environment. This produces a simulation of what would happen if a chemical were to enter a surface water environment and be transported to some point away from its point of entry. A wide variety of models are available to surface water modelers. Each model provides a different