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Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 12

Sự hiện diện của dư lượng kháng khuẩn trong nước mặt và nước thải tự nhiên nước thải công mối quan tâm đối với một số lý do. Thứ nhất, tiếp xúc liên tục nước thải sinh hoặc môi trường cộng đồng vi khuẩn tomixtures có của kháng khuẩn dư lượng có thể thúc đẩy cảm ứng, phổ biến ở mức độ thấp kiểu hình vi khuẩn kháng, trong đó có ý nghĩa quan trọng gián tiếp cho con người health.5, 20,21 Thứ hai, nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng, một khi hiện diện trong các quần thể vi khuẩn, kháng nhiều kiểu hình là ổn. | 12 Reaction and Transformation of Antibacterial Agents with Aqueous Chlorine under Relevant Water Treatment Conditions Ching-Hua Huang Michael C. Dodd and Amisha D. Shah Contents 12.1 Introduction.261 12.2 Background.263 12.2.1 Antibacterial Agents of Investigation.263 12.2.2 Chemical Oxidation by Aqueous Chlorine.267 12.2.3 Prior Work on the Reaction of Pharmaceuticals with Chlorine. 267 12.3 Materials and Methods.268 12.3.1 Chemical Reagents.268 12.3.2 Surface Water and Wastewater Samples.269 12.3.3 Reaction Setup and Monitoring.269 12.4 Results and Discussion.271 12.4.1 Reaction Kinetics and Modeling.271 12.4.2 Identification of Reactive Functional Groups.275 12.4.3 Reaction Pathways and Products Biological Implications.276 12.4.4 Reaction in Real Water Matrices.283 12.5 Conclusion.285 References.285 12.1 INTRODUCTION Each year large quantities of antibacterial agents referred to as antibacterials hereafter are used to treat diseases and infections in humans and animals. Applications of antibacterials in human medicine can ultimately lead to significant discharges of 261 2008 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 262 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems such compounds into surface waters via excretion of the unmetabolized parent compounds into municipal sewage systems and subsequent passage through municipal wastewater treatment facilities.1 In addition antibacterials are utilized for a number of agricultural applications including use as growth promoters and feed efficiency enhancers for livestock2 and in aquaculture and fruit orchards.3 It has been estimated that nearly 50 of the total antibacterial usage in the United States was for agriculture.4 Significant proportions of the administered antibacterials can be excreted from the dosed animals with little metabolic transformation.1 5 A nationwide reconnaissance study published by the U.S. Geological Survey USGS in 2002 reported the presence of a wide variety of chemicals including .