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Electricity Infrastructures in the Global Marketplace Part 13

Tham khảo tài liệu 'electricity infrastructures in the global marketplace part 13', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Impacts of GHG Programs and Markets on the Power Industry 569 taken urgently if we are to stabilize CO2 emissions at 550 ppm or lower see Figure 15.6 . Stabilization at 550 ppm is projected to limit global temperature rise to 20C during the 21st Century. The Stern Review Report has estimated that this will require a 60 reduction in emissions from the energy sector by 2050 see www.sternreview.org.uk . Projected emissions 2025 Gt COze Source Energy emissions only. Figure 15.5. Forecast GHG emissions by major developing nations compared to US Europe Scenario Figure 15.6. Depiction of CO2 emission reductions required to stabilize at 550ppm Source IPCC 15.2.2 Major Impacts on Power Systems Some of the major impacts that CC will have on the power industry and systems include Rising average and peak air ground and water temperatures and variable river water flows Impact on equipment plant ratings and power system security Changes to seasonal demand patterns and peaks Impact on reserve margins and reliability of supply. 570 Electricity Infrastructures in the Global Marketplace Extreme weather events eg hurricanes Increased risk to generation delivery systems Transmission and Disribution T D telecommunications and System Control Center reliability Emergency response and restoration needs and costs increased Need for improved extreme weather advance warning systems. Forest Fires Floods Increased risk to generation and delivery T D infrastructure with impacts on reliability and costs. Rising sea levels Risk to coastal generation and delivery systems T D infrastructure and populations There is a need to monitor and record these climate changes and impacts in order to establish sound databases on which to base the design and implementation of appropriate response and adaptation measures. 15.2.3 Major Global Programs We will now take a look at some of the major programs and initiatives by the international community to mitigate and adapt to CC. 15.2.3.1 Kyoto protocol The Kyoto