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Phytohormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

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Growth and productivity of higher plants are adversely affected by various environmental stresses which are of two main types, biotic and abiotic, depending on the source of stress. Broad range of abiotic stresses includes osmotic stress caused by drought, salinity, high or low temperatures, freezing, or flooding, as well as ionic, nutrient, or metal stresses, and others caused by mechanical factors, light, or radiation. Plants contrary to animals cannot escape from these environmental constraints, and over the course of evolution, they have developed some physiological, biochemical, or molecular mechanisms to overcome effects of stress. Phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and.