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Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Abuse: The States, MNCs, and Repression of Minority Groups in the World System

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Howarth et al. [10] developed an approach for estimating the net nitrogen inputs to a region N that is highly correlated with average nitrogen transport in the rivers draining temperate regions (Fig. 2). Net N input to a region was defined as sum of N in fertilizer used, biological N fixation of agricultural crops, oxidized N in atmospheric deposition in the region, and the N in food and feed imported to the region minus the N in food and feed exported from the region. This approach assumes that there is no net gain or loss of N from soil organic matter. This assumption appears to be reasonable in regions where most soils have.