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The E§ect of Fertility Reduction on Economic Growth

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Access Economics defines the economic contribution of international students as deriving from the income flow from this expenditure, in other words, the value added component of this expenditure. Value added is that part of the expenditure which either forms the basis of income for labour or gross operating surplus (GOS) to capital owners, after allowing for spending on intermediate inputs from other industries and taxes on production (net of subsidies). The value added component is calculated using well‐established multipliers from the ABS’s 2005‐6 input‐output tables for Australia. From these estimates, employment multipliers are used to calculate the level of employment associated with onshore international education. .