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Eco-certified Natural Rubber from Sustainable Rubber Agroforestry in Sumatra, Indonesia

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Against this backdrop, this paper has three objectives. First, we review recent evidence on the establishment and evolution of large farms across regions. This illustrates that such units often emerged in response to policies or market failures related to availability of infrastructure, technology, and property rights. The environmental, social, and productivity impact was strongly affected by these factors, highlighting the importance of well-defined property rights and a clear, transparent, and enforceable regulatory framework, provision of public goods, and undistorted factor prices. If, as was often the case, these conditions were absent, large farms strategies were associated with significant social and.