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Word - formation in English

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The existence of words is usually taken for granted by the speakers of a language. To speak and understand a language means - among many other things - knowing the words of that language. The average speaker knows thousands of words, and new words enter our minds and our language on a daily basis. | For more material and information please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Word-formation in English by Ingo Plag Universität Siegen in press Cambridge University Press Series Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics Draft version of September 27 2002 For more material and information please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org i Table of Contents Introduction .1 1. Basic concepts. 4 1.1. What is a word . 4 1.2. Studying word-formation.12 1.3. Inflection and derivation.18 1.4. Summary.23 Further reading.23 Exercises 24 2. Studying complex words.25 2.1. Identifying morphemes.25 2.1.1. The morpheme as the minimal linguistic sign.25 2.1.2. Problems with the morpheme the mapping of form and meaning 27 2.2. Allomorphy.33 2.3. Establishing word-formation rules.38 2.4. Multiple affixation.50 2.5. Summary.53 Further reading.54 Exercises 55 3. Productivity and the mental lexicon.551 3.1. Introduction What is productivity .551 3.2. Possible and actual words.561 3.3. Complex words in the lexicon.59 3.4. Measuring productivity.64 1 Pages 55-57 appear twice due to software-induced layout-alterations that occur when the word for windows files are converted into PDF. For more material and information please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org ii 3.5. Constraining productivity .73 3.5.1. Pragmatic restrictions.74 3.5.2. Structural restrictions.75 3.5.3. Blocking.79 3.6. Summary.84 Further reading.85 Exercises 85 4. Affixation.90 4.1. What is an affix .90 4.2. How to investigate affixes More on methodology.93 4.3. General properties of English affixation.98 4.4. Suffixes.109 4.4.1. Nominal suffixes.109 4.4.2. Verbal suffixes.116 4.4.3. Adjectival suffixes.118 4.4.4. Adverbial suffixes.123 4.5. Prefixes.123 4.6. Infixation.127 4.7. Summary.130 Further reading.131 Exercises 131 5. Derivation without affixation.134 5.1. Conversion.134 5.1.1. The directionality of conversion.135 5.1.2. Conversion or zero-affixation .140 5.1.3. Conversion Syntactic or .