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Ebook BRS pathology (5th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "BRS pathology" presentation of content: Respiratory system, liver, gallbladder, and exocrine pancreas, kidney and urinary tract, male reproductive system, female reproductive system and breast, female reproductive system and breast, musculoskeletal system, nervous system,.And other content. | chapter 14 Respiratory System I.  Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract A. Acute rhinitis 1. Common cold. This is the most common of all illnesses and is caused by viruses, ­especially the adenoviruses. It is manifest by coryza (“runny nose”), sneezing, nasal congestion, and mild sore throat. 2. Allergic rhinitis. This is mediated by an IgE type I immune reaction involving mucosal and submucosal mast cells. It is characterized by increased eosinophils in peripheral blood and nasal discharge. 3. Bacterial infection. This infection may be superimposed on acute viral or allergic rhinitis by injury to mucosal cilia, which may also occur from other environmental factors. a. Most commonly, the cause is streptococci, staphylococci, or Haemophilus ­influenzae. b. Fibrous scarring, decreased vascularity, and atrophy of the epithelium and mucous glands may result. B. Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses often caused by extension of nasal cavity or dental infection. It results in obstructed drainage outlets from the sinuses, leading to an accumulation of mucoid secretions or exudate. C. Laryngitis is acute inflammation of the larynx produced by viruses or bacteria, irritants, or overuse of the voice. It is characterized by inflammation and edema of the vocal cords, with resultant hoarseness. D. Acute epiglottitis  is inflammation of the epiglottis and may be life-threatening in young children. It is usually caused by H. influenzae. E. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)  is acute inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and epiglottis that is potentially life-threatening in infants. It is most often caused by viral infection. Characteristics include a harsh cough and inspiratory stridor. II. Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract A. Tumors of the nose and nasal sinuses 1. Angiofibroma is a rare vascular neoplasm most common in the posteriolateral nasal wall of adolescent males. It is histologically benign but locally aggressive. 2. .