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Ebook Growth and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Growth and poverty in SUB-Saharan africa" has contents: Spatial and temporal multidimensional poverty in nigeria, growth and poverty reduction in tanzania, assessing progress in welfare improvements in zambia, slow progress in growth and poverty reduction in cameroon,. and other contents. | 9 Mozambique Off-track or Temporarily Sidelined? Channing Arndt, Sam Jones, and Finn Tarp 9.1 Introduction The past four decades in Mozambique have been tumultuous by almost any standard. Unlike many African countries that gained independence during the 1960s, the struggle in Mozambique for political independence from the colonial Portuguese power lasted until 1974. The decade prior to independence was marked by increasing violence coexisting with a policy of settlement on the part of the Portuguese. Independence occurred following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal and the subsequent decision to withdraw support to the colonies. Once in power in Mozambique, the ruling Frelimo party initiated a Marxist economic and social regime. Simultaneously, a mass exodus of nearly all of the approximately 200,000 Portuguese settlers removed the vast bulk of skilled people. While macroeconomic collapse was avoided during the second half of the 1970s, the limitations of the collectivist economic strategy became increasingly evident. Before alternative policies could be put in place, armed struggle broke out with the National Resistance Movement of Mozambique (Renamo) in the early 1980s, strongly abetted by the racist regimes in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa. The war that ensued was brutal and lasted for a decade. During the 1980s, more than 1 million people were killed and about 5 million displaced. The stresses of war, including the difficulties in enacting economic reforms under a wartime footing, led inexorably to economic collapse, in spite of the signing of the Nkomati Accord with South Africa in 1984. In 1986, Mozambique formally embarked on an Economic Rehabilitation Programme controlled by the Bretton Woods institutions. However, without peace, few Mozambique: Off-track or Temporarily Sidelined? reforms were actually possible. Coincident with the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, peace talks began in earnest and culminated with the signing of