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Ebook General, organic, and biological chemistry (5th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "General, organic, and biological chemistry" has contents: Carboxylic acids, esters, and other acid derivatives; amines and amides, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes and vitamin, nucleic acids, biochemical energy production, carbohydrate metabolism,.and other contents. | 2880T_ch16_473-513.indd Page 473 10/30/08 5:48:01 PM user-s131 /Volumes/MHSF/MH-SANFRAN/MHSF027/MHS. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives Chapter Outline 16.1 Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 473 16.2 IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids 474 16 16.3 Common Names for Carboxylic Acids 476 16.4 Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids 479 16.5 Metabolic Carboxylic Acids 482 16.6 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 483 16.7 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 483 16.8 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 484 16.9 Carboxylic Acid Salts 484 16.10 Structure of Esters 487 16.11 Preparation of Esters 487 CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Summary of the “H Versus R” Relationship for Pairs of Hydrocarbon Derivatives 488 16.12 Nomenclature for Esters 489 16.13 Selected Common Esters 491 Esters, a type of carboxylic acid derivative, are largely responsible for the flavors and fragrances of ripe fruits such as red raspberries. 16.14 Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters 493 16.15 Physical Properties of Esters 495 16.16 Chemical Reactions of Esters 495 16.17 Sulfur Analogs of Esters 497 CHEMISTRY AT A GLANCE: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids and Esters 498 16.18 Polyesters 499 16.19 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides 500 16.20 Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids 503 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nonprescription Pain Relievers Derived from Propanoic Acid 480 Carboxylic Acids and Skin Care 481 Aspirin 494 Nitroglycerin: An Inorganic Triester 505 I n Chapter 15, we discussed the carbonyl group and two families of compounds— aldehydes and ketones—that contain this group. In this chapter, we discuss four more families of compounds in which the carbonyl group is present: carboxylic acids, esters, acid chlorides, and acid anhydrides. 16.1 STRUCTURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES A carboxylic acid is an organic compound whose functional group is the carboxyl group. What is a carboxyl group? A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group (CϭO) with a .