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Ebook Pediatric critical care nutrition: Part 2

Part 2 book “Pediatric critical care nutrition” has contents: Nutritional support of the critically ill neonate, burns and wound healing, nutrition management of pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation or intestinal transplantation, nutrition for the infant or child in the cardiac intensive care unit, cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and other contents. | Section Disease-related Nutrition Considerations 10_Goday_Ch10.indd 139 3 18/07/14 5:58 PM chapter Nutritional Support of the Critically ill Neonate 10 Melissa S. Rice Carrie Smith Christina J. Valentine ■■■■ Introduc t ion Go als for Grow th and N utr it ion A ssessment Assessment of Neonatal Nutritional Status Clinical Assessment Tools Energy Special Disease Considerations Protein Lipids Micronutr ient s Vitamins Trace Elements ■■ ■■Introduction Over the last 30 years, survival rates have improved among preterm infants of all gestational ages.1 With increasing survival rates, it has become evident that neonatal nutrition is important to prevent postnatal growth restriction, achieve appropriate body composition, and prevent neurodevelopmental impairment.2 Nutrition previously provided by the placenta can now be provided as parenteral or enteral support in an effort to allow these infants to mimic intrauterine growth as closely as possible. Studies have shown growth velocity alone to be associated with developmental outcomes, emphasizing the importance of appropriate nutrition for the neonatal population.2,3 Providing 10_Goday_Ch10.indd 141 ■■ ■■ PARENTERAL NUTR IT ION Vitamins/Minerals ENTERAL NUTR IT ION Human Milk Pasteurized Donor Human Milk Formulas Intermittent Bolus Feedings Continuous Feedings KEY POINTS References ■■ the best nutrition for any high-risk, critically ill neonate is an evolving field, and determining how to deliver the best nutrition for gut maturation as well as effective nutrient absorption is still debated. Previous nutritional strategies emphasized catch-up growth through increased calories, with an emphasis on carbohydrate and lipid intake. This nutritional plan led to late catch-up growth, with infants that were shorter and fatter than term infants at the same corrected gestational age.4 In addition to providing higher calories, new data have shown protein to be an important component for lean muscle