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Ebook Human neuroanatomy (2/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “Human neuroanatomy” has contents: Ocular movements and visual reflexes, lower motor neurons and the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system and cerebellum, the olfactory and gustatory systems, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system, the cerebral hemispheres, the meninges, ventricular system, and cerebrospinal fluid, and other contents. | CHAPter 13 Ocular Movements and Visual Reflexes 13.1  OCULAR MOVEMENTS 13.9  VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS 13.2  CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS 13.10 THE RETICULAR FORMATION AND OCULAR MOVEMENTS 13.3 EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES 13.11  CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS 13.4  INNERVATION OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES 13.12  OCULAR BOBBING 13.5  ANATOMICAL BASIS OF CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS 13.13 EXAMINATION OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 13.6  MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS 13.14  VISUAL REFLEXES 13.7  VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS RELATED TO OCULAR MOVEMENTS FURTHER READING 13.8  INJURY TO THE MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS 13.1  OCULAR MOVEMENTS often move separately. Ocular fixation and coordination of ocular movements take place by about 3 months of age. 13.1.1  Primary position of the eyes Normally our eyes look straight ahead and steadily fixate on objects in the visual field. This is the primary position (Figs 12.3 and 13.1) of the eyes. In this position, the visual axes of the two eyes are parallel and each vertical corneal meridian is parallel to the median plane of the head. The primary position is also termed the position of fixation or ocular fixation. The position of rest for the eyes exists in sleep when the eyelids are closed. In the newborn, the eyes 13.2  CONJUGATE OCULAR MOVEMENTS Moving our eyes, head, and body increases our range of vision. Under normal circumstances, both eyes move in unison (yoked together or conjoined) and in the same direction. There are several types of such movements, termed conjugate ocular movements: (1) miniature ocular movements, (2) saccades, (3) pursuit movements, and (4) vestibular movements. The eyes move in opposite directions, independent of Human Neuroanatomy, Second Edition. James R. Augustine. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/Augustine/HumanNeuroanatomy2e 208  ● ● ●  CHAPter 13 each other but with equal magnitude, when both eyes turn medially to a common point