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Ebook Essentials of in vivo biomedical imaging: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Essentials of in vivo biomedical imaging” has contents: Sources of image contrast, techniques for optical imaging, optoacoustic imaging, preclinical applications, clinical applications, basic principles of radiation detection, general considerations in radionuclide imaging, and other contents. | 5 Optical and Optoacoustic Imaging Adrian Taruttis and Vasilis Ntziachristos 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Light and Tissue 5.2.1 Absorption 5.2.2 Scattering 5.2.3 Radiative Transfer and the Diffusion Approximation 5.3 Sources of Image Contrast 5.3.1 Fluorescence 5.3.1.1 Exogenous Dyes 5.3.1.2 Fluorescent Proteins 5.3.1.3 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 5.3.1.4 Autofluorescence 5.3.2 Bioluminescence 5.3.3 Endogenous Tissue Contrast 5.3.4 Exogenous Absorption Contrast 5.4 Techniques for Optical Imaging 5.4.1 Intravital Microscopy 5.4.2 Optical Projection Tomography 127 128 130 130 131 132 133 133 135 137 137 138 138 138 139 139 140 140 128   Chapter 5. Optical and Optoacoustic Imaging 5.4.3 Planar Fluorescence Imaging 140 5.4.4 Normalized Fluorescence 142 5.4.5 Fluorescence Tomography 142 5.4.5.1 Instrumentation 143 5.4.5.2 Model-Based Reconstruction 144 5.4.5.3 Hybrid Approaches 146 5.4.6 Time-Dependent Imaging 147 5.4.6.1 Gating and Time-Varying Light Sources 148 5.4.6.2  Early Photon Tomography 148 5.4.6.3 Frequency-Domain Optical Tomography 149 5.4.6.4 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 150 5.5 Optoacoustic Imaging 150 5.5.1 Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging 153 5.5.2 Sources of Contrast for Optoacoustic Molecular Imaging 154 5.5.2.1 Fluorescent Dyes 154 5.5.2.2 Light-Absorbing Nanoparticles 154 5.5.2.3 Fluorescent Proteins and Other Reporter Genes 155 5.6 Preclinical Applications 156 5.7 Clinical Applications 159 5.7.1 Fluorescence-Guided Surgery 159 5.7.2 Intravascular Fluorescence 159 5.7.3 Breast Imaging 159 5.7.4 Neuroimaging 161 5.7.5 Arthritis 162 5.7.6 Skin Examinations 162 References 163 5.1  INTRODUCTION This chapter describes in vivo optical and optoacoustic imaging techniques. The focus is on methods that use light to provide molecular imaging of living organisms. Optical imaging has a number of attractive general characteristics. It does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, so the safety concerns for .