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IELTS Academic Reading 40

Hãy tham khảo IELTS Academic Reading 40 được chia sẻ dưới đây để giúp các bạn biết thêm cấu trúc đề thi như thế nào, rèn luyện kỹ năng giải bài tập và có thêm tư liệu tham khảo chuẩn bị cho kì thi sắp tới đạt điểm tốt hơn. | IELTS Academic Reading 40 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which arc based on Reading Passage 40 below CHILDREN S THINKING One of the most eminent of psychologists Clark Hull claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two behaviour segments in some novel way never actually performed before so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull Howard and Tracey Kendler devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull s principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two- stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them they could use the marble. All they had to do was put it in a hole. But they did not for the most part integrate to use the Kendlers terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning. The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn from another psychologist Michael Cole and his colleagues that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers task either. But it lessens on the other hand when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers one but much easier for the African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine Cole used a locked box and two differently coloured match-boxes one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behaviour segments .