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The multidisciplinary approaches on facies developments and depositional systems of the Bahçecik travertines, Gümüşhane, NE-Turkey

A carbonate build-up, 12 m thick, was formed with some interruptions, through the middle Pleistocene period. For this study, two travertine sections (F and D) were extensively used to figure out palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies. The main precipitation cycles, separated by palaeosol levels, have been described and interpreted from a sedimentological perspective. The carbonate deposits consist of shrubs, crystalline crust, reed, laminated (micritic), pisoids, oncoids, calcite thin rafts and coated gas bubbles, lithoclasts, and palaeosol levels. | Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences Turkish J Earth http journals.tubitak.gov.tr earth 2021 30 561-579 TÜBİTAK Research Article doi 10.3906 yer-2104-20 The multidisciplinary approaches on facies developments and depositional systems of the Bahçecik travertines Gümüşhane NE-Turkey Raif KANDEMİR1 Ezher TAGLIASACCHI2 Mine Sezgül KAYSERİ ÖZER3 Dilek ŞAFFAK1 Fatih KÖROĞLU4 Hsun-Ming HU5 6 Chuan-Chou SHEN5 6 1 Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Rize Turkey 2 Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Engineering Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey 3 Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Marine Science and Technology İzmir Turkey 4 Department of Geological Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Ankara University Ankara Turkey 5 High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory HISPEC Department of Geosciences National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan ROC 6 Research Center for Future Earth National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan ROC Received 23.04.2021 Accepted Published Online 04.08.2021 Final Version 28.09.2021 Abstract The Bahçecik travertines located in Gümüşhane NE-Turkey have been investigated for the first time using a multidisciplinary approach which included sedimentological lithofacies depositional system petrographic radiometric 230Th dating geochemical analysis stable isotopes palynomorphs and geophysics GPR . A carbonate build-up 12 m thick was formed with some interruptions through the middle Pleistocene period. For this study two travertine sections F and D were extensively used to figure out palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies. The main precipitation cycles separated by palaeosol levels have been described and interpreted from a sedimentological perspective. The carbonate deposits consist of shrubs crystalline crust reed laminated micritic pisoids oncoids calcite thin rafts and coated gas bubbles lithoclasts